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Alan Greenspan, former Federal Reserve chairman, at a October 2008 congressional hearing. (Doug Mills/The New York Times)
by Frank James
Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has gotten a lot of blame for the current economic crisis which grew out of the housing bubble.
His once near absolute belief in the wisdom of markets and bias against regulation is often mentioned by critics as kindling that helped create the inferno of a housing crisis that has incinerated trillions of dollars of wealth.
Many observers have also pointed the finger at Greenspan for leaving key interest rates too low for too long in the earlier part of this decade.
Greenspan has apparently had enough of this. In a Wall Street Journal op-ed piece, he said it wasn't the Federal Reserve keeping the federal-funds rate too low that caused the crisis.
Instead, it was all that money that developing economies, especially China, saved up and then flooded the world with which kept long-term mortgage rates exceptionally low even after the Fed raised the rates it controlled.
An excerpt from his op-ed:
As I noted on this page in December 2007, the presumptive cause of the world-wide decline in long-term rates was the tectonic shift in the early 1990s by much of the developing world from heavy emphasis on central planning to increasingly dynamic, export-led market competition. The result was a surge in growth in China and a large number of other emerging market economies that led to an excess of global intended savings relative to intended capital investment. That ex ante excess of savings propelled global long-term interest rates progressively lower between early 2000 and 2005.
That decline in long-term interest rates across a wide spectrum of countries statistically explains, and is the most likely major cause of, real-estate capitalization rates that declined and converged across the globe, resulting in the global housing price bubble. (The U.S. price bubble was at, or below, the median according to the International Monetary Fund.) By 2006, long-term interest rates and the home mortgage rates driven by them, for all developed and the main developing economies, had declined to single digits -- I believe for the first time ever. I would have thought that the weight of such evidence would lead to wide support for this as a global explanation of the current crisis.
Greenspan may be right that the bubble had less to do with the fed-funds rate than the massive mountain of cash from Asia Americans were able to borrow.
But history will probably judge him more harshly than he appears willing to judge himself. A famous line holds that Federal Reserve chairs are supposed to take the punch bowl away to keep the financial party from getting too irrationally exuberant.
Greenspan, however, appeared to be in a festive mood too. In 2004, he sang the praises of adjustable rate mortgages, many of which have contributed to the financial and economic woes currently roiling the nation.
An excerpt from a 2004 USA Today story:
WASHINGTON -- Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said Monday that Americans' preference for long-term, fixed-rate mortgages means many are paying more than necessary for their homes and suggested consumers would benefit if lenders offered more alternatives.In a standing-room-only speech to the Credit Union National Association meeting here, Greenspan also said U.S. household finances appeared generally sound, despite rising debt levels and bankruptcy filings. Low interest rates and surging home prices have given consumers flexibility to manage debt, he said.
"Overall, the household sector seems to be in good shape," Greenspan said...
... He said a Fed study suggested many homeowners could have saved tens of thousands of dollars in the last decade if they had ARMs. Those savings would not have been realized, however, had interest rates shot up.
"American consumers might benefit if lenders provided greater mortgage product alternatives to the traditional fixed-rate mortgage," Greenspan said.
Joseph McKenzie, deputy chief economist at the Federal Housing Finance Board, says buyers like the stability of fixed-rate mortgages, but there is increasing flexibility in products. "There are lots of innovative programs, especially targeting low-income and first-time buyers," he says.
Of course, many of those "innovative programs" later turned out to be the subprime mortgages that have helped wreck the economy.
So, try as he might, Greenspan probably won't escape history's judgment.









Comments
Well, you're blamed !! You and Friedman, Stockton, Bush, Reagan, Rubin are all at fault, for this economic disaster. Your greed, hubris and, at times your lack of common sense, not to mention compassion, were in full swing, during your reigns !! Your supply-side economics have the whole American economy sliding downwards, in free-fall, but you got yours !!
SUPPORT OUR TROOPS, BRING THEM HOME, ALIVE AND WHOLE. NOW.
Posted by: Don Fitzgerald, America | March 11, 2009 10:44 AM
Unbelievable.
Al,
It's given economic policy to raise interest rates to damp down a inflationary, overheated housing market, and general debt/money party frenzy.
You are probably the one American that bears the largest share of individual blame.
Of course there's plenty of blame for everyone else.
And to blame China for the whole mess is to admit the US has no control or influence over it's own destiny.
Maybe you could blame Reaganomics too?
Posted by: C.Morris✈ | March 11, 2009 11:21 AM
Why Economies Fail
William Mostovoy
Fifty days into the Obama administration the nation shakily attacks the business and military decisions that will shape how important the United States may be in the future. The bankers bonuses bad as they were pay for those cool Harvard guys Porshes and Mercedes. The government will bail out banks. Banks house the idlle wealthy intellect this country lives for. Wealth costs something in dilligence. If a bank know's it can always get gpvernment bailouts it risks things and pays outrageour bonuses. The country can't afford the banks behavior, the people can not afford the housing the developers chose to builld and the elite racism creates a street battle every day in America.
If a suburban home coss $1,000,000 with 20% down the couple would need a combined income of $240,000. With say 10% family wealthy paid for the only people making suburban home wealth are the thieving bonus ridden bankers, and their are precioius few of those. Moiney costs something. Dilligence costs something. Japan and Germany make great Engineers. Maybe we could get some accountants from Israel again?
To continue, the foreclosure rate grew far to high in the previous year tempting illegal activities to pay for extended individuals. People grew inward and suspicious due to the carrying of personal debt and a house in arears. The dow hovers now at around 7000 with GE trading at $1.30/share down from over 80. GM trades below $1.70/Share, and Ford trades below $1.00/share. Suburbs relied on not only bankers but doctors, professionals and manufacturing executives. The deficit in manufacturing abetted the collapse in the credit markets, the home markets and bank solvency. The stimulus does not address manufacturing jobs in the U.S.
The mood of the people supports President Obamas quiet wait and see peace. Americans love to look upon the nation as the wealthiest nation on earth. Change has come. It's like the 46 year old engineer who now writes on the internet and lives with himself knowing that without that disposable income purchases remain ideas for the future and the pressing nature of surviving looks to be what the country is about.
Posted by: William Mostovoy | March 11, 2009 11:40 AM
ARMs became pretty common in the 1990s, so I don't know how he could say that in 2004; by then the consumers wanted fixed rate mortgages so they could be locked in. Those innovative 'teaser rates' certainly did get people in trouble. I think Greenspan was out of touch. What a surprise.
Posted by: mort | March 11, 2009 11:50 AM
It's pretty clear that having the financial sector police itself is as effective as doing so in a Georgia peanut processing plant. Sure, the SEC and the Fed get some of the blame, but the real culprit is the previous administration's currying favor from corporate interests. That Halliburton no-bid mentality has come home to roost.
Posted by: Kenny Bunkport | March 11, 2009 12:01 PM
And how did these developing nations get so much money? From America companies off-shoring production and American banks allowing low interest rates on credit so American consumers could buy more stuff than they could afford! Come on already. Greenspan is a pip!
Posted by: Muffler | March 11, 2009 12:26 PM
For Greenspan not to be able to admit at this point that, when it comes to market regulation we must err on the side of caution, shows just how irresponsible he and that stupid trickle-down Reaganomics of his was in the first place.
Yes, he would tacitly have to admit some misjudgment on his own part in making such a statement now, but I think it is imperative that that is one of the takeaway lessons from the bubble and current resulting crisis.
You need two hands to really control "irrational exuberance" -- one can be invisible and from the market, but it had better be backed by a very real regulatory hand wearing brass knuckles for when things start to get really off track!
Posted by: Ralph Wiggum | March 11, 2009 2:18 PM
read
iamthewitness.com
Posted by: heh | March 11, 2009 2:32 PM
What's the matter Mr Greenspan, are you worried about your legacy?
Posted by: Quippy | March 11, 2009 2:46 PM
Be honest, is there anyone who could sit and listen to Greenspan and not fall into a deep sleep. What do you want to bet every time he testified before congress in any fashion there was a run on No-Doze!
Posted by: vla | March 11, 2009 3:16 PM
Hey, it looks like more and more Americans are getting the opportunity to live the 'Slumdog Millionaire!' dream.
Should it be called Bushville or Alanville?
Posted by: C.Morris✈ | March 11, 2009 3:35 PM
Hey, it looks like more and more Americans are getting the opportunity to live the 'Slumdog Millionaire!' dream.
Should it be called Bushville or Alanville?
here's the link;
http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/tent-city-report/?hp
Posted by: C.Morris✈ | March 11, 2009 3:36 PM
He looks like the forensic artist's age progression of Alfred E. Newman.
Anyway, don't let the Maestro con you into thinking he had no idea all that fraud was being woven into all those esoteric unregulated securities.
He knew perfectly well what was happening.
Posted by: ornery | March 11, 2009 3:42 PM
Greenspan: "The buck stops anywhere but here". He did not know what he was doing then when he agreed to tax cuts in 2003 and to make sure his folly was complete he lowered interest rates.
Clinton could not wait until Greenspans term was up to reappoint him. I remember thinking "what's the rush? The man never increased the margin requirements for the stock market."
Posted by: Ron M | March 11, 2009 8:06 PM
The person who is responsible is David X Li, and his "Manchurian Formula"
=========================
David X. Li
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
David X. Li is a quantitative analyst and a qualified actuary who pioneered the use of Gaussian copula models for the pricing of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs).[1][2]
Li was born and raised in a rural part of China during the 1960's.[1] He received a master's degree in economics from Nankai University. After leaving China he earned an MBA from Laval University in Quebec.[1] His financial career began in 1997 at Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce.[1] In 2004 he moved to Barclays Capital and headed up the quantitative analytics team.[1]
Li's paper "On Default Correlation: A Copula Function Approach"[2] was the first appearance of the Gaussian copula applied to CDO's, which quickly became a tool for financial institutions to correlate associations between multiple securities.[1] This allowed for CDOs to be accurately priced for a wide range of investments that were previously too complex to price, such as mortgages. However in the aftermath of the Global financial crisis of 2008–2009 the model has been seen as fundamentally flawed and a "recipe for disaster".[1] According to Nassim Nicholas Taleb, "People got very excited about the Gaussian copula because of its mathematical elegance, but the thing never worked. Co-association between securities is not measurable using correlation," in other words because past history is not predictive of the future. "Anything that relies on correlation is charlatanism."[1] Li himself always understood the limitation of his model, in 2005 saying "Very few people understand the essence of the model."[3] Kai Gilkes of CreditSights says "Li can't be blamed", although he invented the model, it was the bankers who misinterpreted it.[1]
In 2008 Li moved to Bejing where he works for China International Capital Corporation as head of the risk-management department.[1]
[edit]
VJ Machiavelli
NO MORE SCHUMER
NO MORE PELOSI
Posted by: VJ Machiavelli | March 12, 2009 2:16 AM
Morts right on this one,
ARMs were nothing unusual and my wife and I purchased our current house using one. We refinanced into a fixed-term mortgage before the ARM expired when interest rates became favorable.
.
During the early 80's when mortgages were double-digits, a big mortgage package was negative amortization. This we saw as a losers bet and turned down.
.
These mortgage debt instruments are nothing new.
Posted by: Terry | March 12, 2009 6:35 AM
I'll mark my calendar, Terry; we don't seem to agree very often. Plus, we're both correct.
Posted by: mort | March 12, 2009 9:12 AM
There are five phases to any good project. This one is apparently in Phase 3 where you search for a suitable scapegoat. In general, that role goes to the guy that had to make the most technical decisions, since the outcome of a technical decision will be a complete mystery to most folk at least until it is time to assign a suitable scapegoat.
Phase 5 is Praise and Reward for the non-participants. It will be interesting to see who that will include. What more would Barney Frank have to do to have a klieg light placed on his shakedown schemes.
Posted by: Django - N Exile somewhere in/around the 30th Parallel | March 12, 2009 10:19 AM
Vijay makes a good point about the infamous "formula" that was supposed to quantify risk and make those synthetic instruments "safe" (like Michael Corleone was going to be "safe" at the meeting that was being arranged at the end of GFI).
For an excellent expose of this formula and its deficiencies, see the cover story on the recent WIRED magazine.
From a criminal defense point of view, the formula was a master stroke: It gives the putative defendants "cover". They can and will claim that they relied on this wondrous "black box" which was supposed to boil down risk down to a simple number.
How could they possibly know there were some loose wires inside the box???
Not proof beyond a reasonable doubt of their criminal intent.
It might work.
However, recall the building of the Brooklyn Bridge. Robling found out some of the wire stock that had been woven into the suspension cables was metallurgically challenged. In other words, a cheatin' sub contractor trying to skim. What to do?
Couldn't unweave them because of the ingenious little spinning gizmos he's invented to weave them in situ.
So: a calculation satisfied him that the margin of safety engineered into the project should accommodate the weakness imparted to the cables, offset it.
So far, 110 years later, he calculated right.
The shysters who were peddling the synthetic derivatives knew the individual mortgages were just as cheesy as the ones in the S & L debacle.
Unlike Robling, they didn't give a s---.
They had their black box, risk formula, as cover. They felt they could obfuscate their way out of a conviction if indicted.
I'd dearly like to see that hypothesis tested.
Posted by: ornery | March 12, 2009 11:57 AM